New Information System for Efficient Working of Monash Video Library

Question: Discuss about the New Information System of Monash Video Library. Answer: Introduction This report mainly focuses on the use of new information system for efficient working of Monash Video Library (Vasquez et al., 2013). In this report a brief idea of present business with its aim and objective, current business with gaps and opportunity is provided. Data with important information is mainly gathered and checked for developing a new information system and a logic situation is created for the proposed system (Alur, Henzinger and Vardi, 2015). Business Overview: The ultimate goal and objective of this organization named Monash Video Library is to create an information system for efficient operation of business and keeping a track of records of various customer for increasing the efficiency of a business process and to predict the choice of various customers and to build a pattern for a customer relationship (Alur, Henzinger and Vardi, 2015). The ultimate notion of this organization is to purchase various videocassette and to let it out at loan to various customers. This organization mainly uses old system for storing the record of various customers on the contrary the organization is now having problem in the matter of expansion of his business and it mainly requires developing a new information system which can be helpful in efficient management of records (Alur, Henzinger and Vardi, 2015). The ultimate problem that the organization is facing is the keeping the tracks of customer records and then providing suggestion in tracking the records of various choices of customer. The developing team and the organization has a gap which can create a problem for the developers for understanding the needs of the systems (Azar, and Vaidyanathan, 2015). With the help of new information system Monash video liabrary has achieved a leading position in the market (Azar, and Vaidyanathan, 2015). Data gathering and Analysis Gathering of organization data is needed for the successful implementation of the new business and adjusting is with the needs of the present business (Vasquez et al., 2013). Data of the organization is needed to be gathered for understanding the requirements of company and designing of information system. SDLC models mainly focuses on the upgradation of new information system and it needs to be surveyed for this particular organization. Enterprise Resource planning system can be considered as best for adjusting with the business operation of the firm. Records of various customer must be stored in the main server of the database of the firm and required data can be easily collected form the database for the ongoing process of individual business (Azar, and Vaidyanathan, 2015). Various tools like DFD, flowchart, decision table can be used for analysis of data after collecting it. After the successful competition of the business a report is made and it should be delivered to the project manager for providing a brief overview of the working of the system and various problem associated with it. It also focuses the development and needs which are mandatory for the developing of the system (Chitchyan et al., 2015). Logical Modelling Process This method is mainly used for capturing the functional needs of the business. Various pictures and diagrams are needed for proper visualization of data models and various process associated with business. It also helps in establishing a link between designer and developer and which can be proved beneficial for fetching the functional needs of an organization (Chitchyan et al., 2015). Fig: 1 Source: (Chitchyan et al., 2015) Data Modeling and Normalization For proper modelling of the system an entity relationship diagram is given below Fig: 2 Source: (Dennis, Wixom and Tegarde, 2015) The tables of the various database of the video library is given below: DVD (D_ID, SL_no, Category, Price, Title) Staff (S_ID, S_Name) Authentication (Username, Password) Borrower (B_Name, Phone_no, address, others) For improving the integrity of the data, redundancy is needed to be removed from its tables. To avoid duplication of data the column portion of the table is kept in normalized way (Dennis, Wixom and Tegarde, 2015). Feasibility Analysis Feasibility of the given project is checked with the involvement of the various stakeholders with the associated projects. It mainly emphasizes on checking the needs of various organization. Feasibility analysis mainly comprises of various viability like technical, market, business, management, economic and financial domains and also the viability of ongoing models. A proper SWOT analysis that is Porter can be proved beneficial for proper checking of various business cases (Dennis, Wixom and Tegarde, 2015). The various services and products offered by the organization and its various technology must be checked. A regular checking is mandatory as it keeps a track whether a system is becoming outdated or not and it also ensures that the designed system survives for a long time. Market requirement of various organization also needs to checked so that it gives out a clear overview of the competitors and present technology which can be proved beneficial which gives a clear idea regarding the cost of the deployment of the information technology. By help of innovation strategy the cost of implementation can be easily recovered within two years. It can be easily proved to beneficial for the correct implementation of the system (Hendrick and Kleiner., 2016). Functional requirement The ultimate functional requirement of an information system is creation of database, Login of admin into the system with proper authentication and it is the duty of admin to add up records and update them. The system must be enough efficient for providing the information regarding the defaulters. The system must be capable of generating invoice for the customer (Hendrick and Kleiner., 2016). Non-Functional Requirement Needs of some non-functional requirement must be properly satisfied for the successful implementation and it also ensures the capability of the system to provide customers details information as per the requirement. For preventing the misuse of data the customer information must be well protected. Members of various organization should have limited permission to access different systems. Data containing important information must reside in the central database of the system and it must be available to all the customers (Hendrick and Kleiner., 2016). Business proposed solution A form should be mandatory for the implementation of various information system and using that members can easily register into the system (Vasquez et al., 2013). Register members can only apply for video loan. A database must be used which contain the important information regarding the information of member and video/DVD. DVDs searches as enquired by customers can be easily with the help of an user friendly interface. Several buttons should during the designing of interface which will help the admin to get a print of the invoice and can check the due date of various DVDs (Pedrycz, 2013). Implementation Issue For the proper implementation of the new information system the development must have a clear idea about the database. The database of this organization must be well connected to all the branches and this process is considered as a bit difficult for its implementation. The various stakeholder combined with project must be checked for getting proper idea about the requirements. Various duties must be given to developer for the correct implementation of the project within the given expenditure (Pedrycz, 2013). Now if the knowledge of the developer is limited then it can have led to the non fulfilment of the requirement of various users (Pedrycz, 2013). Conclusion The above discussion relates us to the point that a market research must be conducted before the successful implementation and upgradation of information system. For proper development and clear understanding a brief overview of the business must be taken in (Valacich, George and Hoffer, 2015). Various models of data are needed to be prepared which can help developer in getting a clear idea about the development of the system. New data models must be prepared which could help the developer in getting a clear idea about developing system (Valacich, George and Hoffer, 2015). Various issues with implementation of the system is also analyzed for creating a solution to various risk associated with the plan and also checks the efficient implementation of the plan (Valacich, George and Hoffer, 2015). References Alur, R., Henzinger, T.A. and Vardi, M.Y., 2015. Theory in practice for system design and verification.ACM Siglog News,2(1), pp.46-51. Azar, A.T. and Vaidyanathan, S. eds., 2015.Chaos modeling and control systems design. Germany: Springer. Chitchyan, R., Rashid, A., Sawyer, P., Garcia, A., Alarcon, M.P., Bakker, J., Tekinerdogan, B., Clarke, S. and Jackson, A., 2015. Survey of aspect-oriented analysis and design approaches. Dennis, A., Wixom, B.H. and Tegarden, D., 2015.Systems analysis and design: An object-oriented approach with UML. John Wiley Sons. Hendrick, H.W. and Kleiner, B. eds., 2016.Macroergonomics: theory, methods, and applications. CRC Press. Pedrycz, W., 2013.Granular computing: analysis and design of intelligent systems. CRC press. Valacich, J.S., George, J.F. and Hoffer, J.A., 2015.Essentials of systems analysis and design. Pearson Education. Vasquez, J.C., Guerrero, J.M., Savaghebi, M., Eloy-Garcia, J. and Teodorescu, R., 2013. Modeling, analysis, and design of stationary-reference-frame droop-controlled parallel three-phase voltage source inverters.IEEE Transactions on industrial electronics,60(4), pp.1271-1280.

Project Finance

Question: Case study on Project Finance. Answer: Project Finance Project finance refers to the financing of infrastructural construction and industrial projects on a long term basis. The funding of the projects is based on the financial structure of limited recourse. The cash flow obtained fr4om the object is then used to repay the debt that was used to fund the project. The reasons why public-private partnerships (ppp) are common in project finance. Public-private partnerships are common in project finance because of the benefits that come with such partnership. In most cases, the projects are huge and can take several years to be completed. The projects always require financing that runs into billions of dollars. Considering the sizes of the projects and the amount of financial funding that is involved, most of the projects are owned jointly. Public and private partnership, therefore, tends to be common in the financing of such projects. The two partners consult each other in their control of the project. The joint ownership has the following advantages: Joint ownership allows for sharing of risk between the partners. The public and private partners would be able to share risks that may be associated with the project finance. It is always very tricky if a risk arises when the sponsors of project finance have pledged that they would guarantee the completion of a project. The partnership would reduce the cost involved. The two partnerships would jointly raise the total amount of money needed to alleviate the risk. According to (Puentes, 2016, pg. 41), Joint partnership of sponsors also allows sharing of ideas and knowledge. The exchange of ideas generates new skills that may be of great benefit in the financing and development of the project. Financial skills, as well as operational skills, can all be shared between the sponsors. The project may be so massive that it cannot be funded by a single private company or a single public institution. It is, therefore, necessary for the sponsors to join hands together and raise the needed amount of money. The partnership would enable the sponsors to raise the needed amount of money without any problem. A project site may also be immense such that a single sponsor may be unable to marshal the managerial capacity that is required. The partnership would hence enable the sponsors to share the managerial task. They would then be able to manage the project with ease. Greater commitment is likely to attract project lenders to release money with ease. The partnership between a public and a private sponsor is an evidence of significant commitment. (Fhwa, 2012, pg. 15), confirms that development of some projects may demand that the sponsors lease some of their assets. Lesser partners may not have enough assets that can be leased. However, sponsorship partners drawn from the public and the private sectors would obviously have the capacity of owning several assets of huge value. They would hence not face any problem when it comes to the leasing of some of their property. The task of project finance demands specialization of the highest order. There must be an availability of financial experts as well as technical experts. The lending firm would first assess the level of experts in place to judge the expected projects productive capacity. A sponsor would require engineers, financial consultants, accountants, lawyers, auditors and environmentalists among other experts. Such experts can only be withdrawn from the public sector in collaboration with the industry. Public-private partnership in project finance, therefore, makes it quite easy to access such experts and at reasonable costs. Risks Related to Public-Private Partnerships There is the need for identification of risks that may be associated with a project throughout its life to have a successful project. The identified risks must then be evaluated and managed well. A public urgency must address all the obstacles that may hinder the project from being successful. An available opportunity must also be used effectively to improve success. Public-Private Partnership in itself is a way of risk management. There are several risks that are associated with public-private partnerships. (Fhwa, 2012, pg 34), states that, most of the risks can be used to assess that the loan borrower can also be exposed to too. However, project finance is more prone to the risks. The case of project finance arises because the borrower doesnt possess assets that can be used as security. The lender will hence incur high losses if the borrower defaults to repay the loan. Lenders must, therefore, be very conservative when carrying out their calculations. The case will not be the same if the loan is secured because the associated risks would have been minimized. The recoverable resource is an example of the risks. The lender has to find out whether the amount of the resources can adequately cover all the commitments if the prices of the resources fall. However, the lender may seek revenue guarantee from the government authority if the development project is to the public for example infrastructure and generation of electricity. The other risks are as follows: Political will According to (Puentes, 2016, pg. 37), senior government officials must offer their support from the government must provide their support for the project for it to be successful. Such support must come from both the executive wing of the government and the legislative wing too. Lack of government commitment may lead to the withdrawal of the private partners from the implementation of a project. An agreement may be reached between the government and the private partner, but some government officials may simply block the allocation of funds meant to finance a project. The project may eventually be canceled. Such cancellation of projects arising from non-commitment from the government may make private partners shy away from partnering with the government again. Regulatory risks (Nettler, 2016), states that, regulatory risks arise when inappropriate project framework has been put in place. The government and the private partners should come up with clear regulations that are meant to govern the development of the project right from the beginning to the end. The government should not come up with restrictions of any kind once regulations have been agreed and put in place. Any further restrictions may be judged as non-commitment. Site Risk Several risks may arise from the site where the project is to be developed. The suitability of the place may prove to be a major challenge. The presence of archeological remains and unfavorable geological conditions may prevent the implementation of the project. The poor relationship between the government and the residents may also cause problems. The residents may become hostile towards the implementation of the project. Community relationship must, therefore, be taken into consideration before the implementation of any project in a given area. Successful Factors in Public-Private Partnership Selection of politically smart projects (Xhang, 2016), states that, it is important to understand the existing political environment before choosing a project. Despite the fact that the public would retain ownership of the project, the private partners also have control over the project. The partners should, therefore, come up with a project that would be supported by the majority of the political stakeholders. Such support would facilitate successful implementation of the project. The lenders would also be willing to allocate financial resources for the development of the project. Understanding the needs of the Private Sector The public partner should come up with projects that are in the interest of the private sector. The sector would never enter into a partnership to develop a project that they consider a threat to the public. Transparent procurement process Project finance involves an enormous amount of money. It, therefore, involves competitive procurement procedures. (Puentes, 2016, pg 22), confirms that transparency should be upheld during the entire process. Issues of corruption in during the acquisition process may lead to an abandonment of the whole project. The procurement process is a sensitive stage and should be carried out with maximum care to ensure the success of the project. Reference list GAO, 2014. Bank Capital Reforms: Initial effects of Basel on Capital, Credit and International Reforms. United States Government Accountancy Office Apra, 2012.Regulation Impact Statement: Implementing Basel III Capital Reforms in Australia. Basel Committee Fecility Barker, 2015. The Reserve Bank Application of the Basel III Requirement for Banks. Australian Reserve Bank Kevin Davis and Mark Lawrence, 2015. Australian Banking. Monash University Press iCreate, 2016. Basel III. Basel III Committee, 2016. World Finance on Basel III. Patrick Sabol and R. Puentes, 2016. Private Public Capital Good. Brookings Education Jonathan Nettler, 2016. 6 Risks of Public-Private Partnership.

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Marketing research, Taco Bell Essay Example

Marketing research, Taco Bell Paper Many factors, both within the organization and in the market, have the potential to influence the success or failure of a companys internationalization. In order to put itself in the best position to succeed (or to prevent failure), a company must conduct an in-depth analysis of these factors and use that analysis to make an educated decision as to whether or not they should expand their business abroad. Strengths and weaknesses of the organization must be evaluated. Also, there are opportunities and threats that exist outside the control of the organization in the market that must be assessed. By determining the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats through analyzing the company and market research, it will be possible to determine if internationalizing Taco Bell to Great Britain is a financially lucrative and promising decision. Strengths Based on the marketing research, Taco Bell has many strengths that would help it succeed in an internationalization effort in Great Britain. Its primary strength is its corporate ownership. Taco Bell is owned by YUM! Brands, an international organization consisting of six subsidiaries*. Those subsidiaries include Taco Bell, Pizza Hut, KFC, AW All American Food Restaurants, and Long John Silvers. YUM! has successfully franchised on an international level, and has done particularly well with Pizza Hut and KFC, featuring 4,348 and 7,088 international units respectively*. Taco Bell itself has internationalized as well, with 209 international units. Another positive aspect in terms of these YUM! Brands figures, is that there are 578 KFCs and 522 Pizza Huts in the UK already, but there are currently no Taco Bells*. These figures imply YUM! Brands would be able to successfully internationalize another of their leading subsidiaries in a market in which they have already been successful. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing research, Taco Bell specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing research, Taco Bell specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing research, Taco Bell specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In terms of their franchising strength, YUM! Brands provides the resources Taco Bell would need to establish a lucrative franchise in Great Britain. There are ten Franchise Restaurant Support Centers throughout the world to aid in YUM! Brands franchising. The center for Europe and Great Britain is actually located in England, providing an accessible support center for a newly established Taco Bell franchise*. Within the company there is the personnel support to aid in Taco Bells internationalization to Great Britain. While Taco Bell is under the control of its president and chief operating officer, it also has the extended support of the YUM! Brands executive officers. Furthermore there is actually a separate division called YUM! Restaurants International that would provide additional support to Taco Bell*. As an added support resource within the context of the organization, YUM! has their own board of directors. The board consists of twelve members, each possessing their own valuable experience with other large and often international corporations, which is able to provide valuable advice and support regarding Taco Bells new project. Weaknesses Despite the numerous strengths of the Taco Bell organization and YUM! Brands, there are some important potential weaknesses within the organization to consider before internationalizing. YUM! Brands reliance on franchising, Taco Bells reliance on beef as a cheap, staple product, and the image of Taco Bell as an American restaurant are all possible weaknesses that stem from the organization. Over 80% of YUM! Brands restaurants are franchised. YUM! Brands has had great success with this internationalization mode with existing KFCs and Pizza Huts, however, their reliance on franchising may hurt when trying to introduce a new restaurant, such as Taco Bell in Great Britain*. The culture and expectations of Taco Bell are not yet known in the UK, so the new franchise may not coordinate itself with the company image as well as it should. Another serious detriment for Taco Bells expansion into the UK is their reliance on cheap available beef. Due to regulations in the market (covered later), beef is not a cheap and readily available product in the UK. Many Taco Bell products contain beef and their products are known for being very inexpensive. With beef being more expensive, this creates a problem for Taco Bells core menu and prices*. An interesting weakness for Taco Bell may be its overall image. KFC and Pizza Hut serve American food in an American atmosphere both domestically and abroad. Taco Bell is distinct in that it is supposed to be a Mexican restaurant*. Domestically, the atmosphere of Taco Bell is the same as any other American fast food restaurant, but abroad, consumers may prefer a more Mexican, rather than American approach. Taco Bells American image may create difficulties when attempting to persuade customers that it is a Mexican restaurant. Opportunities Many opportunities exist for the internationalization of Taco Bell in the United Kingdom. Aspects of the British culture, economy, and general food market support the introduction of a Mexican fast food chain. British consumers enjoy spicy food, Indian food being one of the most popular foods. They also enjoy variety and novelty in food choices. Mexican food is generally spicy and Taco Bells line of spicy sauces give consumers a choice in how spicy the food tastes as well as providing an alternative to everyday British food*. Also, living in the UK is quite expensive, especially in London, and Taco Bell appeals to the price sensitive nature of most British consumers*. The ethnic food market in the UK is growing rapidly with Mexican food as one of the fastest growing sectors. Consumer food preferences are evolving to fit the increasingly fast paced lifestyles of the British*. Taco Bell has the opportunity to take advantage of consumers needs for rapidly prepared food. Many consumers have expressed an interest in Mexican food, yet there are few Mexican restaurants. Taco Bell can fill the niche and gain a share of the large ethnic and fast food markets. Taco Bell can gain the first mover advantage in internationalizing to the UK, as there are currently no direct competitors*. The UK has favorable psychological distance from the US. Trade, customs, and governmental policies are well understood by the US and it will not be difficult for Taco Bell to market itself effectively in the UK. Many US citizens also travel to the UK and know little about or do not enjoy British food thus creating a demand for American chains*. McDonalds, for example, has done very well in the UK. Threats Potential threats of Taco Bells entrance involve mainly the legal and economic environment of the UK and its fast food industry. The strict food safety regulations which require beef imported from the US to be tested and prohibit the import of hormone treated meat in the UK complicate the procedures for Taco Bell to acquire and sell their food. This increases their cost, as they have to find suitable meat suppliers and ensure their meats are hormone free. As the UK government is open to foreign investments and free trade, the few regulations and stable economy makes the UK market attractive to many foreign firms. One threat Taco Bell should note is the continuously growing fast food industry and the fact that Mexican food is one of the three most popular foods in the ethic food industry*. As there is currently no established Mexican fast food chain in the UK, Taco Bell could take up great risks including the significant pioneering costs of being the first mover in this market*. Taco Bells main competition includes McDonalds, traditional Mexican restaurants, Indian, Asian, as well as local cuisine*. However, their competition does not fall directly into the Mexican fast food category. Final Analysis The S.W.O.T analysis taken from the marketing research indicates that Taco Bell should internationalize and the United Kingdom will provide a lucrative market. YUM! Brands has proved successful in internationalizing its other leading subsidiaries in the UK market. It has a well-defined franchising plan including a support center located in the UK, which can ameliorate the possible weakness involved with introducing a new restaurant through franchising. Taco Bell has the opportunity to fill a niche within the UK fast food market and appeal to British consumer preferences for spicy, rapidly prepared food. Entering the niche market as a first mover may include high pioneering costs, but allows Taco Bell to take advantage of the rapidly growing ethnic food market. As a result of weighing the organizational strengths against the weakness and market opportunities against the possible threats*, the analysis proves that with careful planning, internationalizing Taco Bell to the UK should be a success.

Training day essays

Training day essays Everyday there is a war being waged on America's inner city streetsa war between residents, drug dealers and the people sworn to protect one from the other. This war has its casualties, none greater than L.A.P.D. Detective Sergeant Alonzo Harris, a 13-year veteran narcotics officer whose questionable methodology blurs the line between legality and corruption. His optimism has long since been chipped away by his tour of duty in the streets, where fighting crime by the book can get you killed and getting the job done often requires Alonzo and his colleagues to break the laws they are empowered to enforce. This crime tale shadows Alonzo as he tests the resolve of wide-eyed, idealistic rookie Jake Hoyt, who has one day and one day only to prove himself to his fiercely charismatic superior. Over the next 24-hours, Jake will be pulled deeper and deeper into the ethical mire of Alonzo's logic as both men put their lives and careers on the line to serve their conflicting notions of justice It's obvious why perennial good-guy Denzel Washington was intrigued by the malevolent role of veteran L.A.P.D. Detective Sergeant Alonzo Harris, who heads an elite, undercover narcotics squad. He's a dedicated rogue cop who's glib that "you gotta have a little dirt on you for anyone to trust you." His "street justice" ethics and morality are outside the norm but he has his own ambiguous integrity. So when Jake Hoyt, an idealistic rookie, played by Ethan Hawke, wants to join his unit, Harris gives him 24 hours to prove himself saying, "You've got today and today only to show me what you're made of....You've got to decide if you're a sheep or a wolf." Their day begins with drugs and alcohol, part of "getting to know the streets," and includes extortion, execution, and a $4 million seizure, which quickly decreases to $3 million as the corrupt cops take their cut. "It's ugly but it's necessary," rationalizes Harris. "Play the game, grow wise and then you can...

Effective Leadership Style in Controlling the High Employee Turnover Thesis

Effective Leadership Style in Controlling the High Employee Turnover Rate within Nursing Faculties - Thesis Example The nursing facilities in UK are experiencing a 12.2% reduction as of 2010 (Buchan and Seccombe, 2012, p. 21). In Canada, â€Å"a shortage of 20,000 nurses† was reported in 2012 (Coutts, Nursing faculty leaders in US, UK, Canada, and Australia are experiencing problems related to recruitment and retention (American Association of Colleges of Nursing, 2013a; National Black Nurses Association, 2013; Laschinger et al., 2009; Longley, Shaw and Dolan, 2007). To solve problems related to recruitment, nursing faculties in US, UK, Canada, and Australia are continuously hiring nurses from different counties around the world (Netzwerk Migration in Europa, 2013). In Canada, low salary is one reason why nursing educators in this area are looking for other more promising job opportunities (Cash, Doyle and Tettenborn, 2011). Nursing faculties in US, UK, Canada, and Australia are having problem retaining nurses in the field of education. Aside from unattractive payment scheme, other reasons that causes poor retention includes lack of trust and collaboration among the nursing staff, over-worked, absence of career opportunities, no proper recognition for good work performance, absence of control over job performance, and poor communication among the faculty members (Hunt, 2009, p. 2). To solve retention, problem, nursing faculties in US, UK, Canada, and Australia will have to use transformational leadership not only to help them create a healthy and attractive work environment which is necessary in increasing the work satisfaction of registered nurses who wish to pursue a career in teaching (Cummings et al., 2009; Nielsen et al., 2009; Raup, 2008). Furthermore, Nielsen et al. (2009) mentioned that there is a strong relationship between the use of transformational leadership style and the decrease in work-related stress and burnout. By solving problems related to stress, burnout and poor working environment, the nursing faculties in US, UK,

Discussion Forum Post Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Discussion Forum Post - Essay Example I do agree with Castiglione to some extent, but I think that he overlooked the fact that for individuals to perform well they need to acquire experience in the field they are engaged in. I think that no man can be perfect in all areas; everyone has a strong and a weak point. In addition, he never considered the moral values of a gentleman. This is emphasised in the book The American gentleman where the author describes a gentleman as a person who gives room for character development. He is a person that proves to others that he is committed to following the moral high road and acquires his personality and continuously developing, which is associated with his actions. The author also highlights that being a gentleman necessitated self-sacrifice, needs efforts and that a gentleman offers himself freely without expectations for anything in return (Hall v). Yes I agree with Machiavelli’s conviction that a leader must never trust anyone because as written in the selected political writings it is hard to anticipate an armed person would obey a defenceless person gratefully or a person who is not armed would feel secure in the hands of armed employees. This is due to the fact an armed individual disrespects a person who is not armed, and the defenceless person does not have confidence in anyone who can overthrow him. The author describes a wise ruler as the one who is always working in periods of peace taking the advantage of the calm period to prepare for trouble and when disaster strikes he must be ready to retaliate (Machiavelli & Wootton